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Nagesh, M.

• Evaluation of Beneficial Fungi in Combination with Organics against Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in Fcv Tobacco Nurseries

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Authors

S. Ramakrishnan ¹, M. Nagesh ²

Affiliations
1 CTRI Research Station, Hunsur, Karnataka, IN
2 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 25, No 4 (2011), Pagination: 311-315

Abstract

FCV tobacco is an important commercial crop grown in Karnataka under rain fed situations. Root-knot nematode is a limiting factor causing yield reduction in both nursery and main field crop to the tune of 59.4% and 52.9%, respectively. As an alternative to nematicides of chemical origin, beneficial fungi such as Paecilomyces lilacinus and Glomus fasciculatum were evaluated along with organic amendments viz., neem cake and vermicompost as individual application and also in rational combinations against Meloidogyne incognita in FCV tobacco nurseries. Results revealed that application of P. lilacinus strain NBAII PLFT5 @ 100g/m² recorded 31.3% increase in healthy transplants compared to check. Combined application of P. lilacinus with neem cake @ 1kg/m² recorded 34.4% increase in healthy transplants count and was on par with P. lilacinus with vermicompost @ 1kg/m². Application of P. lilacinus + neem cake @ 1kg/m² and P. lilacinus + vermicompost @ 1kg/m² significantly reduced ischolar_main-knot index to 1.89 compared to 2.05 in carbofuran @ 50g/m² treated beds (standard chemical check) and 3.86 in untreated check. Similarly, these two treatments were on par with each other in significantly reducing the number of egg masses/g ischolar_main and final soil nematode population.

Keywords

Bio-management, Glomus fasciculatum, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Root-knot Nematode, FCV Tobacco, Neem Cake, Vermicompost.

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References

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• Cooper, K. M. and Grandisons, G. S. 1986. Interaction of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ischolar_main knot nematode on cultivars of tomato and white clover susceptible to Meloidogyne hapla. Annals of Applied Biology, 108: 555–565.
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• Hussaini, S. S. 1983. Quantification of ischolar_main-knot nematode damage on FCV tobacco. Tobacco Research, 19: 61-65. Jonathan, E. I., Padmanabhan, D. and Ayyamperumal, A. 1995. Biological control of ischolar_main-knot nematode on betel vine, Piper betle by Paecilomyces lilacinus. Nematologia Mediterranea, 23: 191–193.
• Nagesh, M. and Reddy, P. P. 2004. Biochemical changes in Glomus fasciculatum colonized ischolar_mains of Lycopersicon esculentum in the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42: 721-727.
• Nagesh, M., Reddy, P. P., Kumar, M. V. and Nagaraju, B. M. 1999. Studies on correlation between Glomus fasciculatum spore density, ischolar_main colonization and Meloidogyne incognita infection on Lycopersicon esculentum. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 106: 82–87.
• Nagesh, M. and Singh, K. P. 2004. Bio-management of Meloidogyne incognita on Polianthes tuberosa using Glomus mosseae and Pochonia chlamydosporia as bulb dressing in combination with neem cake. Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, 7: 45-51.
• Ramakrishnan, S., Hussaini, S. S., Viswanath, S. M. and Shenoi, M. M. 1998. Effect of Basamid G for the control of ischolar_mainknot nematodes in FCV tobacco nursery, pp. 121–124. In: Dhawan, S. C. and Kaushal, K. K. (Eds): Proceedings of the National Symposium on rational approaches in nematode management for sustainable agriculture. Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand.
• Rao, M. S. and Gowen, S. R. 1998. Bio-management of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato by integrating Glomus deserticola and Pasteuria penetrans. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 105: 49–52.
• Rao, M. S., Reddy, P. P. and Nagesh, M. 2000. Management of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato by integrating Glomus mosseae with Pasteuria penetrans under field conditions. Pest Management in Horticulural Ecosystems, 6: 130–134.
• Ray, S. and Dalei, B. K. 1998. Vam for ischolar_main knot-nematode management and increased productivity of grain legumes in Orissa. Indian Journal of Nematology, 28: 23–28.

• In silico Docking Studies on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and Implications for Insecticide Detoxification

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Authors

K. P. Dhanya ¹, Madhusmita Panda ¹, S. K. Jalali ¹, N. K. Krishna Kumar ¹, R. Gandhi Gracy ¹, T. Venkatesan ¹, M. Nagesh ¹

Affiliations
1 Molecular Entomology Laboratory, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 27, No 1 (2013), Pagination: 1-9

Abstract

In silico docking of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) of an insect, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and a parasitoid, Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal was studied with two insecticides, monocrotophos and fenvalerate. The CYP450 sequences of H. armigera (CYP9A12), T. cacoeciae (CYP4G12) and a human microsomal sequence CYP3A4, as positive control were retrieved from NCBI’s GenBank database. The structure, as predicted by SOPMA, of CYP450 in H. armigera contained 78.7% helix and 43.3% sheets, while that of T. cacoeciae contained 60.6% helix and 68.5% sheets. The three-dimensional molecular models of CYP450 of H. armigera and T. cacoeciae indicated that 96.5 and 97.2% residues, respectively, were in the most favored region. The docking studies revealed that the binding energy of H. armigera was -3.50 and -7.65 kcal/mole compared to the binding energy of T. cacoeciae -2.96 and -5.28 kcal/mole for monocrotophos and fenvalerate, respectively, inferring stronger interaction of H. armigera CYP450 with the insecticides and thereby higher potential for resistance in H. armigera.

Keywords

Cytochrome P450, Helicoverpa armigera, Trichogramma cacoeciae, In silico Molecular Docking.

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• Genetic Variation in Artificially Selected Strains of the Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Using Rapd Analysis

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Authors

G. Ashok Kumar ¹, S. K. Jalali ¹, M. Nagesh ¹, T. Venkatesan ¹, P. Niranjana ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 23, No 4 (2009), Pagination: 353-359

Abstract

Artificial selection is extensively used to develop pesticide resistance in natural enemies. RAPD markers were used to estimate genetic relatedness between the parent and artificially selected hybrids of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii resistant to multiple insecticides (700ppm of endosulfan, 540ppm of monocrotophos and 20ppm of fenvalerate) and high temperature (> 40°C). Highly polymorphic markers could be identified through the primers OPF-1 and OPJ-20. RAPD marker from 15 oligomers clearly outgrouped the susceptible parent from artificially selected pesticide-resistant strains. The first group comprised the susceptible strain. The second group comprised the two subclusters, the first subcluster including the strain resistant to endosulfan and fenvalerate, multiple-insecticide resistant strain (MIRS) and high temperature resistant (HTR) strain while the second subcluster consisted of monocrotophos and HTR strains. The discriminating property of RAPD markers allowed differentiation of the resistant strain from the parental susceptible strain. Artificially selected resistant strains shared relatively high similarity (61-66%) with susceptible parent strain as per Jaccard's index.

Keywords

Trichogramma chilonis, RAPD, Pesticide Resistance, High Temperature, Genetic Relatednes.

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• Intraguild Predation and Biosafety of Entomopathogenic Nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar et Al., and its Bacterial Symbiont, Photorhabdus luminescens, to Parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Predator Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Esben, Petersen)

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Authors

Y. Lalitha ¹, M. Nagesh ¹, S. K. Jalali ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, P.B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 26, No 4 (2012), Pagination: 334–340

Abstract

Intraguild predation (IGP) appears to be pervasive among communities of biocontrol agents associated with nematode sharing the host with trophic interaction. Entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) and its associated bacterium (Photorhabdus luminescens); an egg parasitiod, Trichogramma chilonis and a predator Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi were selected for present study. There was no adverse effect of H. bacteriophora and P. luminescens observed on adult emergence of T. chilonis. Microscopic examination of eggs, larvae and adults of T. chilonis and C. z. sillemi treated with H. bacteriophora, P. luminescens and cell-free culture filtrates of P. luminescens, exhibited no deformity, discoloration or infection of organisms. Similarly, H. bacteriophora, P. luminescens or the cell-free culture filtrates exhibited no adverse activity on egg hatching or larvae of C. z. sillemi indicating that there was no intraguild competition under artificial epiphytotic conditions between the organisms under report, viz., H. bacteriophora, its associated bacterium (P. luminescens), T. chilonis and C. z. sillemi.

Keywords

Intraguild Predation, Entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Photorhabdus luminescens, Trichogramma chilonis, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi.

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• Rosenheim JA, Kaya HK, Ehler LE, Marois JJ, Jaffee BA. 1995. Intraguild predation among biological-control agents: Theory and Evidence. Biol. Control. 5: 303–335.
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• Screening and in Vitro Evaluation of Native Pseudomonas Spp., against Nematode Pathogens and Soil Borne Fungal Pathogens

Abstract Views :273  |  PDF Views:150

Authors

Rajkumar ¹, R. Rangeshwaran ², G. Sivakumar ², M. Nagesh ²

Affiliations
1 Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod 671 124, Kerala, IN
2 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (NBAII), Bangalore 560 024, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 27, No 4 (2013), Pagination: 305–311

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of native Pseudomonas spp., against ischolar_main-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and other soil borne fungal pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici and Sclerotium rolfsii. The eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were exposed to each isolates of Pseudomonas spp., by diluting the standard culture filtrate to fifty percent and to undiluted culture filtrate (100%). Four isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (CRS3, CRS6, and CRS8 and CRS10) significantly induced inhibition of egg hatching and mortality of M. incognita juveniles. The per cent mortality was proportional to the concentration of culture filtrate and the duration of exposure period. The highest percentage of inhibition of egg hatching was recorded for CRS3 while mortality of second stage juveniles was found in the case of CRS10 in undiluted culture filtrate. The CRS6 caused 48% inhibition of Sclerotium rolfsii while CRS8 caused 58% inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Since meloidogyne infection can predispose plants to plant pathogens, these isolates show promise for management of nematode and disease complex of vegetable crops.

Keywords

Culture Filtrate, Egg Hatching, Meloidogyne Incognita, Pseudomonas Spp., Root-knot Nematode and Soil Borne Fungi.

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• Genetic Improvement of Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii for Combined Tolerance to Multiple Insecticides and High Temperature

Abstract Views :221  |  PDF Views:110

Authors

G. Ashok Kumar ¹, S. K. Jalali ², T. Venkatesan ¹, M. Nagesh ², Y. Lalitha ³

Affiliations
1 Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560024, Karnataka, IN
3 Biological Control, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 22, No 2 (2008), Pagination: 347-356

Abstract

A strain of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, an effective parasitoid of lepidopteran pests was developed for tolerance to three major groups of insecticides, i. e., endosulfan (organochlorine), monocrotophos (organophosphate) and fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroid) and to high temperature (32-38°C) through selection. After 81 generations of selection, there was an increase in parasitism from 35% to 90-95% and decrease in mortality from 100% to 57-70% after 6h of constant exposure to three insecticides and high temperature. Interestingly 46.8 and 2.9 fold increase in tolerance was observed in males compared to 18.5 and 1.3 fold increase in females of MITT (multiple-insecticide and temperature tolerant) strain when exposed to endosulfan and fenvalerate sprays, respectively, while in case of monocrotophos, females and males were 465-fold and 25-fold more tolerant, respectively, than susceptible strain. At higher temperatures of 40 and 45°C, the per cent mortality of tolerant adults was 0.0 and 9.2%, respectively, compared to 59.7 and 96.1% in susceptible population after 6h of exposure at these temperatures. At high variable temperature (32-38°C), per cent mortality in MITT was 57.1 compared to 98.5% in susceptible population after 24h of constant exposure. The mean per cent parasitism at 32°C, 36°C, 38°C and at variable temperature of 32-38°C was significantly higher in tolerant strain (46.7, 45.0, 18.3 and 63.3%) compared to susceptible strain (54.0, 6.7, 0.0 and 0.0%), respectively. These studies suggest that the improved strain of T. chilonis will provide effective control of the pest even at harsh climatic conditions and under high insecticide pressure in different economically important crops.

Keywords

Egg Parasitoid, Genetic Improvement, High Temperature Tolerance, Multiple Insecticide Tolerance, Trichogramma chilonis.

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• Biochemical and Molecular Profiling of Indigenous Xenorhabdus Isolates Associated with Steinernema Spp

Abstract Views :251  |  PDF Views:129

Authors

H. S. Vidya ¹, M. Nagesh ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Box No.2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 21, No 2 (2007), Pagination: 203-209

Abstract

Bacterial symbionts were obtained from entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae, S, riobrave, S. feltiae and S. tami, and identified as belonging to Xenorhabdus species by subjecting to biochemical characterization. The Xenorhabdus isolates were further characterized for their interspecific variation by protein profiling and RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA. The protein profiles recorded discernible differences with protein distribution ranging from 97Kda to 14Kda, but most of the fragments were common to all isolates. RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA of the isolates using eight restriction enzymes showed the distinctness of isolates and based on the restriction enzyme patterns, the isolates were grouped into two clusters. The study showed that a combination of biochemical and molecular techniques could be used for the identification and characterization of Xenorhabdus isolates.

Keywords

Indigenous Isolates, PCR-RFLP, Steinernema, Xenorhabdus, 16S rDNA.

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• Partial Characterization of Novel Nematicidal Toxins from Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland 1887 and their Effect on Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood

Abstract Views :223  |  PDF Views:128

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, R. Asokan ², K. S. Mohan ³

Affiliations
1 Biological Control, P. B. Ho. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road. Hebbal, Bangalore, 560 024, IN
2 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake P. O., Bangalore, 560 089, Karnataka, IN
3 Monsanto Research Centre, #44/2A. Vasants' Business Park, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560 092, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 19, No 1 (2005), Pagination: 65-70

Abstract

Bacillus cereus isolated from the egg masses of ischolar_main-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita from tomato rhizosphere was grown in casein-peptone soy meal peptone (CASO) broth for partial characterization of toxins from cell-free filtrates. Cell-free culture filtrates of B. cereus at 72 hours of growth and beyond, reduced egg hatching (90%) and caused 100 per cent mortality of juveniles in 4 hours of exposure, which coincided with the post-sporulation phase (72h) of the bacterial growth indicating profound toxicity during and after the sporulation phase. The native PAGE electrophoresis of the partially purified cell-free culture filtrates showed that 3 bands of ≈ 15, 40 and 60 kDa appeared in 72, 84 and 96 hours of growth, respectively, coinciding with post-sporulation phase of the bacterium.

Keywords

Bacillus cereus, Meloidogyne incognita, Nematicidal Toxins, Partial Characterization.

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• Influence of Laboratory Culturing of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thomson) Sams, and Pochonia chlamydosporiazare et Al. on Spore Viability and Infeetivity against Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood Eggs

Abstract Views :226  |  PDF Views:144

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, S. S. Hussaini ¹, H. R. Jagadish Kumar ¹, B. S. Chidananda Swamy ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (lCAR), Post Bag No. 2491. H. A. Farm Post. Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 19, No 2 (2005), Pagination: 187-191

Abstract

Two native isolates each of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thomson) Sams. (PDBC PL55 and PDBC PLS8) and Pochonia chlamydosporia Zare et al. (PDBC VC56 and PDBC VC57) were subjected to repeated sub-culturing for ten generations at 28 ± 1°C with intervening resting periods in refrigerated conditions to evaluate the effect on their spore viability and infeetivity. Significant decrease in spore viability was noticed from generation IX in case of P. lilacinus isolates (PDBC PLSS and 58), while, P. chlamydosporia (PDBC VCS6 and 57) isolates recorded significant reduction in spore viability from generation VII. The infeetivity of the P. lilacinus and P. chlamydosporia isolates under study were on par with each other in ail the generations, which recorded significant reduction in tenth generation. Between the spore viability and infectivity of the isolates under report, spore viability was more influenced by repeated sub-culturing than infeetivity.

Keywords

Infectivity, Meloidogyne incognita, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Spore Viability, Sub-Culturing.

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• Management of Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (kofoid & White) Chitwood in Chrysanthemum Using Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson in Combination with Neem Cake

Abstract Views :218  |  PDF Views:144

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, S. S. Hussaini ¹, S. P. Singh ¹, S. R. Biswas ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P.B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm P.O., Bellary Road Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 17, No 2 (2003), Pagination: 125-131

Abstract

Talc and pesta granule formulations of P. lilacinus spores, obtained from solid and liquid media, at 12, 10, 8 and 6 per cent moisture levels were evaluated for their spore viability and tbeir field efficacy, singly and in combination with neem cake against ischolar_main-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in the farmer's field. The preparation of P. lilacinus used in the field consisted mainly of spores. The fungus was cultured under two sets of defined conditions to produce aerial spores, i. e., cultured on sorghum grains, and submerged spores, grown in a liquid medium. Aerial spores were more robust (96, 87, 80 and 60% viability at 6, 8, 10 and 12% moisture levels, respectively, in talc formulation from sorghum grains), compared to submerged spores (83, 72,64 and 54% viability at 6, 8, 10 and 12% moisture levels, respectively, in talc formulation from liquid broth), over a period of 60 days after formulation. Talc and pesta granules of P. lilacinus, applied at 2 doses, 10 and 15 kg/ha to the ischolar_main-knot nematode infested chrysanthemum field correspondingly reduced ischolar_main gall index to 1.4-2.7, nematode multiplication rate to 1.4-2.12, and enhanced floral yield by 12 per cent depending on the dose of formulation. Further, combined use of these formulations with neem cake enhanced fungal propagules in rhizosphere to 700-1070, fungal infectivity to 32- 52 per cent and chrysanthemum flower yield (by 23-28 %) depending on the dose of formulation.

Keywords

Chrysanthemum, Field Evaluation, Formulations, Meloidogyne incognita, Moisture Levels, Paecilomyces lilacinus.

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• Pathogenicity of Selected Antagonistic Soil Fungi on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Eggs and Egg Masses under in Vitro and in Vivo Conditions

Abstract Views :236  |  PDF Views:136

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, P. Parvatha Reddy ¹, N. Rama ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hessaraghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 15, No 1 (2001), Pagination: 63- 68

Abstract

Four indigenous antagonistic fungi belonging to 3 species, Gliocladium virens Miller Giddens & Foster, Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thon) Samson, Trichoderina harzianum Rifai and T. viride Pers. Ex S. F. Gray evaluated for their pathogenicity to eggs and egg masses of Meloidogyne incognita, in vitro through the Petri-dish assay and in vivo under glasshouse conditions were found pathogenic. Under both the conditions, maximum egg mass and egg parasitization was observed to be by P. lilacinus followed by T. viride, G. virens and T. harizianum. There was a general decline in parasitization by these fungi, under in vivo conditions compared to that under in vitro conditions. Fungal colonization in galled ischolar_mains was higher than in healthy ischolar_mains. Comparatively T. viride and G. virens recorded higher ischolar_main colonization closely followed by P. lilacinus. Among the four fungi, P. lilacinus recorded consistently higher pathogenicity against ischolar_main-knot nematodes both in vitro and in vivo conditions, indicating that P. lilacinus was more efficient against ischolar_main-knot nematodes compared to other species.

Keywords

Antagonistic Fungi, Meloidogyne incognita, Pathogenicity.

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• Effect of Different Storage Temperature Regimes on Spore Viability of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samson in some Formulations

Abstract Views :202  |  PDF Views:128

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, P. Parvatha Reddy ¹, N. Rama ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 15, No 1 (2001), Pagination: 73-75

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was carried out to identify optimum formulation medium and temperature for storage of Paecilomyces lilacinus based on spore viability. Paecilomyces lilacinus spores were produced on PDA, paddy grain, sorghum grain and tapioca broth, formulated on coconut coir pith, talc and vermiculite and stored at 0, 15 and 27 ± 1°C for 150 days, with P. lilacinus spores stored at -20°C on sterile silica grain as control. In general, the spore viability in grain based formulations (paddy and sorgbum) declined more rapidly than on tapioca broth based formulations. The spores stored at -20°C on sterile silica grain recorded 98 per cent viability even at 150^th day of storage. Spores formulated on tapioca broth with talc, vermiculite or coir pith as inert base, and on paddy grain with talc as inert base, exhibited more tban 80 per cent viability at 150 days of storage at ooe temperature which declined to ≥60 per cent at 27 ± 1°C after 150 days of storage.

Keywords

Formulations, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Spore Viability, Storage Temperatures.

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• A Modified Method for Mass Multiplication of Pasteuria penetrans (thorne) Sayre & starr

Abstract Views :227  |  PDF Views:128

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, P. Parvatha Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 12, No 1 (1998), Pagination: 63-66

Abstract

A simple method to mass multiply Pasteuria penetrans (Thorne) Sayre&Starr an obligate parasite of plant parasitic nematodes, was worked out by modifying the method defined by Stirling and Wachtel (1980). With the increase in seed rate/pot, there was an increase in ischolar_main content/pot and number of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoide&White) Chitwood females which in turn contributed to an increase in number of infected females and spore number/g ischolar_main. This method not only enhanced spore production efficiency/pot but also reduced the inherent disadvantage of maintaining and handling a large number of plants under individual pot (in vivo) conditions.

Keywords

Eggplant, Mass Multiplication, Meloidogyne incognita, Pasteuria penetrans.

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• Comparative Efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samson and Verticillium lecanii (A. Zimmerman) Viegas in Combination with Botanicals against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 Infecting Crossandra

Abstract Views :217  |  PDF Views:110

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, P. Parvatha Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore-560 089, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 9, No 2 (1995), Pagination: 109-112

Abstract

Investigations were conducted on the management of the ischolar_main-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 infecting crossandra, by integrating the use of two biocontrol agents viz., Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samson and Verticillium lecanii (A. Zimmerman) Viegas with leaf extracts of castor and neem (5% each) as bare ischolar_main dip and soil drench. Combinations of V. lecanii and P. lilacinus (2 × 10⁴ spores/ml each) with 5% neem leaf extract resulted in significantly higher plant growth parameters and flower yield. Root gall index was least under V. lecanii plus neem leaf extract (5%) combination followed by V. lecanii plus castor leaf extract (5%). The per cent egg and egg mass parasitization were higher in P. lilacinus than in V. lecanii when they were employed singly without any leaf extract combinations. However, integration with castor leaf extract enhanced the fungal parasitization by P. lilacinus more than that by V. lecanii. Integration with neem leaf extract improved the parasitization by V. lecanii more than that by P. lilacinus.

Keywords

Bare Root Dip, Castor, Crossandra, Leaf Extracts, Meloidogyne incognita, Neem, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Soil Drench, Verticillium lecanii.

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• Variability in Foraging Behaviour, Thermal Requirement and Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Sod Webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Abstract Views :291  |  PDF Views:150

Authors

M. Nagesh ¹, M. Balachander ¹, T. M. Shivalingaswamy ¹, J. Patil ¹, A. N. Shylesha ¹, A. Raghavendra ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore − 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 33, No 1 (2019), Pagination: 36-47

Abstract

Variability in virulence among entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis indica, H. bacteriophora and Steinernema abbasi, was studied for lethality, foraging behaviour in response to host volatiles, thermal requirements (degree-days), recyclability, persistence and field efficacy against Turfgrass Sod Webworm (TSW), Herpetogramma phaeopteralis. Comparatively, lethal concentration and time were lowest for H. indica against TSW. Recyclability of EPN ranged from 3.42 × 10⁵ to 4.23 × 10⁵ IJs g¹ of TSW. H. bacteriophora recorded highest movement rate on agar (0.38–0.78cm) and sand-agar (0.45–0.56cm), followed by S. abbasi, and H. indica. Responding to TSW volatiles, S. abbasi recorded maximum movement, H. bacteriophora, moderate, and H. indica, lowest. Heterorhabditis indica (with nictitation); S. abbasi and H. bacteriophora (without nictitation) were ambusher and cruiser, respectively. S. abbasi preferred warmer temperatures (30–33°C), H. bacteriophora, moderate (24–27°C), and H. indica, a wider range (24–30°C), for virulence based on thermal requirement. In field, EPNs were comparable to chlorpyriphos against TSW. We demonstrated the complementarity of thermal preferences of EPNs and insect pest was critical besides attributes like foraging behaviour, recyclability, persistence, and lethality values for their success in the field.

Keywords

Degree-Days, Foraging, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis, Heterorhabditis indica, H. bacteriophora, Sod Webworm, Steinernema abbasi, Thermal Requirement, Turfgrass, Virulence, Variability.

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• Crystal Structure of Oxalate Decarboxylase from Photorhabdus luminescens, A Symbiotic Bacterium Associated with Entomopathogenic Nematodes

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Authors

Sreeja Chellappan ¹, S. Mathivanan ¹, R. Thippeswamy ², M. Nagesh ², H. S. Savithri ³, M. R. N. Murthy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
2 Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bengaluru 560 024, IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
4 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram 695 551, IN

Source

Current Science, Vol 119, No 8 (2020), Pagination: 1349-1356

Abstract

Photorhabdus luminescens is a Gram-negative, symbiotic bacterium associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis. Several genes from this organism related to insecticidal properties are being examined for their potential in pest management. Oxalate decarboxylase (OXDC), an enzyme secreted by bacteria and fungi and putatively associated with insecticidal pathways catalyses the manganese dependent decarboxylation of oxalate to formate and CO₂. In this study, we report the X-ray crystal structure of OXDC isolated and purified from Photorhabdus luminescens (PlOXDC, MW 43 kDa) determined at 1.97 Å resolution. PlOXDC protomer has a bicupin structure. Each cupin domain consists of two antiparallel β sheets organized as a sandwich with a Mn²⁺ ion bound at the active site. PlOXDC exists as a mixture of monomeric and trimeric forms in solution but assumes a trimeric form in the crystal structure.

Keywords

Bicupin, Crystal Structure, Oxalate Decarboxylase, Photorhabdus luminescens.

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